This function computes the derivative of Abadie's kappa, $$\nu(\pi)=\dot{\kappa}(\pi)=\frac{Z(1-A)}{\pi^{2}}-\frac{A(1-Z)}{(1-\pi)^{2}}$$.
abadie_v(z, a, ps)
numeric A binary instrument, e.g., randomized treatment assignment.
numeric The actual received treatment, must be the same length as z
.
numeric The propensity scores \(\Pr(Z = 1 \mid X)\).
numeric The formula defined above.